# List directory contents
ls
ls -l # Long format with details
ls -la # Include hidden files
ls -lh # Human readable sizes
# Change directory
cd /path/to/directory
cd .. # Go up one level
cd - # Go to previous directory
# Print working directory
pwd
# Create files
touch filename.txt
touch file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt
# Create directories
mkdir dirname
mkdir -p path/to/nested/directories
# Copy files and directories
cp file1.txt file2.txt
cp -r directory1 directory2
# Move/rename files and directories
mv oldname.txt newname.txt
mv file.txt /path/to/destination/
# Remove files
rm filename.txt
rm -i filename.txt # Interactive (ask before deleting)
# Remove directories
rmdir empty_directory
rm -r directory_with_contents
rm -rf directory # Force remove (be careful!)
# View file contents
cat filename.txt # Display entire file
less filename.txt # View with paging
more filename.txt # View with paging (older)
head filename.txt # First 10 lines
tail filename.txt # Last 10 lines
head -20 filename.txt # First 20 lines
tail -20 filename.txt # Last 20 lines
# Edit files
nano filename.txt # Simple text editor
# Download files from internet
wget https://example.com/file.txt
wget -O newname.txt https://example.com/file.txt
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